Technical Notes Agriculture: The net output of agriculture (International Standard Industrial Classification divisions 1-5 including forestry and fishing) after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate outputs. (World Bank, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations) CO2 emissions: Emissions stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. (Carbon Dioxide Analysis Center) Deforestation: The permanent conversion of natural forest areas to other uses, including shifting cultivation, permanent agriculture, ranching, settlements, and infrastructure development. Deforested areas do not include areas logged but intended for regeneration or areas degraded by fuelwood gathering, acid precipitation, or forest fires. Negative numbers indicate an increase in forest area. (Food and Agriculture Organization) Energy use per capita: The apparent consumption of commercial energy, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transportation. (International Energy Agency) Expenditures for R&D: Current and capital expenditures on creative, systematic activity that increases the stock of knowledge. Included are fundamental and applied research and experimental development work leading to new devices, products, or processes. (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) Exports of goods and services: Comprise all transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world involving a change in ownership of general merchandise, goods sent for processing and repairs, nonmonetary gold, and services. (International Monetary Fund) Foreign direct investment: net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. (International Monetary Fund) Forest area: Land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not. (Food and Agriculture Organization) Freshwater resources: Refer to total renewable resources, which include flows of rivers and groundwater from rainfall in the country, and river flows from other countries. Freshwater resources per capita are calculated using the World Bank’s population estimates. (World Resources Institute) GDP: The gross domestic product is the sum of the gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. (World Bank, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations) GNI: (gross national income—formerly gross national product or GNP) The sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. (World Bank) GNI per capita: (formerly gross national product per capita or GNP per capita) The gross national income divided by midyear population. Gross national income is equal to GDP plus net receipts of primary income (employee compensation and property income) from nonresident sources. PPP GNI is gross national income converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. (World Bank) Gross capital formation: (formerly gross domestic investment) Outlays on additions to the fixed assets of the economy plus net changes in the level of inventories. Fixed assets include land improvements; plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including commercial and industrial buildings, offices, schools, hospitals, and private residential dwellings. Inventories are stocks of goods held by firms to meet temporary or unexpected fluctuations in production or sales and "work in progress." According to the 1993 SNA, net acquisitions of valuables are also considered capital formation. (World Bank, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations) High technology exports: Goods produced by industries (based on U.S. industry classifications) that rank among a country's top ten in terms of research and development expenditures. (United Nations) International tourism arrivals: The number of visitors who travel to a country other than that where they have their usual residence for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose in visiting is other than an activity remunerated from within the country visited. (World Tourism Organization) Infant mortality rate: The number of infants who die before reaching one year of age, per 1,000 live births in a given year. (World Health Organization) Life expectancy: The number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life. (World Health Organization) Military expenditures: Military expenditures for NATO countries are based on the NATO definition, which covers military-related expenditures of the defense ministry (including recruiting, training, construction, and the purchase of military supplies and equipment) and other ministries. Civilian-type expenditures of the defense ministry are excluded. Military assistance is included in the expenditures of the donor country, and purchases of military equipment on credit are included at the time the debt is incurred, not at the time of payment. Data for other countries generally cover expenditures of the ministry of defense (excluded are expenditures on public order and safety, which are classified separately). (U.S. Department of State's Bureau of Arms Control) Motor vehicles: Include cars, buses, and freight vehicles but not two-wheelers. Population figures refer to the midyear population in the year for which data are available. (International Road Federation) Net aid flows: Official development assistance and official aid received from members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee and other official donors. (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Net private capital flows: Consist of private debt and nondebt flows. Private debt flows include commercial bank lending, bonds, and other private credits; nondebt private flows are foreign direct investment and portfolio equity investment. (World Bank) Paved roads: The length of roads that have been sealed with asphalt or similar road-building materials expressed as a share of total road length. (International Road Federation) Personal computers: The estimated number of self-contained computers designed to be used by a single individual, per 1,000 people. (International Telecommunication Union) Population: Based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship, except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum. (World Bank) PPP GDP: Gross domesticl product converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. (World Bank) Prevalence of child malnutrition: The percentage of children under five whose weight for age and height for age are less than minus two standard deviations from the median for the international reference population aged 0–59 months. For children up to two years of age, height is measured by recumbent length. For older children, height is measured by stature while standing. The reference population, adopted by the WHO in 1983, is based on children from the United States, who are assumed to be well nourished. (United Nations, World Health Organization, UNICEF) Private fixed investment: Covers gross outlays by the private sector (including private nonprofit agencies) on additions to its fixed domestic assets. Gross domestic fixed investment includes similar outlays by the public sector. No allowance is made for the depreciation of assets. (International Finance Corporation, World Bank) Rural population: Rural population is the difference between the total population and the urban population. Urban population is the midyear population of areas defined as urban in each country and reported to the United Nations. (World Bank) Stock market capitalization: The share price times the number of shares outstanding. Also known as market value. (International Finance Corporation) Surface area: A country's total area including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways. (Food and Agriculture Organization) Telephone mainlines: Telephone lines connecting a customer's equipment to the public switched telephone network, per 1,000 people. (International Telecommunications Union) Total external debt: The debt owed to nonresidents repayable in foreign currency, goods, or services. It is the sum of public, publicly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed long-term debt, use of IMF credit, and short-term debt. Short-term debt includes all debt having an original maturity of one year or less and interest in arrears on long-term debt. (World Bank) Trade in goods: The sum of merchandise exports and imports measured in current U.S. dollars divided by the value of GDP converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. (World Trade Organization, World Bank) Youth illiteracy rate: The percentage of people aged 15 to 24 who cannot, with understanding, read and write a short, simple statement about their everyday life. (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization)