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The political economy of development
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This academic site promotes excellence in teaching and researching economics and development, and the advancing of describing, understanding, explaining and theorizing. (Róbinson Rojas)

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World indicators on the environmentWorld Energy Statistics - Time SeriesEconomic inequality
From The World Bank Group
World Development Indicators 1997

Contents

Foreword
Copyright
Acknowledgments
Preface
Acronyms and abbreviations
Partners
Users guide
Statistical methods
Primary data documentation

World view
People
Environment
Economy
States and markets
Global links
Boxes
Figures
Text tables

Credits
Bibliography
Index of indicators
Readers survey


World view
Introduction
1.1--The quality of life
1.2--Gender dimensions of development
1.3--Structural transformation


People
Introduction
2.1--Population
2.2--Population dynamics
2.3--Labor force structure
2.4--Employment
2.5--Poverty
2.6--Distribution of income or consumption
2.7--Education policy and infrastructure
2.8--Access to education
2.9--Educational attainment
2.10--Gender and education
2.11--Health spending and personnel
2.12--Access to health services
2.13--Risk factors in health
2.14--Mortality


Environment
Introduction
3.1--Land use and deforestation
3.2--Biodiversity and protected areas
3.3--Freshwater
3.4--Energy production and use
3.5--Energy efficiency, dependency, and emissions
3.6--Urbanization
3.7--Traffic and congestion
3.8--Air pollution
3.9--Government commitment


Economy
Introduction
4.1--Growth of output
4.2--Structure of output
4.3--Agricultural production
4.4--Food crops
4.5--Key agricultural inputs
4.6--Structure of manufacturing
4.7--Growth of merchandise trade
4.8--Structure of merchandise exports
4.9--Structure of merchandise imports
4.10--Structure of service exports
4.11--Structure of service imports
4.12--Structure of demand
4.13--Growth of consumption and investment
4.14--Structure of consumption in PPP terms
4.15--Macroeconomic indicators
4.16--Central government finances
4.17--Central government revenues
4.18--Central government expenditures
4.19--Monetary indicators
4.20--Inflation
4.21--Balance of payments current account
4.22--Balance of payments capital and financial account
4.23--External debt
4.24--External debt management


States and markets
Introduction
5.1--Credit, investment, and expenditure
5.2--Private capital flows
5.3--Stock markets
5.4--State-owned enterprises
5.5--Relative prices and exchange rates
5.6--Trade policies
5.7--Export competitiveness
5.8--Tax policies
5.9--Portfolio investment regulation and risk
5.10--Financial depth and efficiency
5.11--Power and communications
5.12--Transport infrastructure
5.13--Science and technology
5.14--The information age


Global links
Introduction
6.1--Integration with the global economy
6.2--Direction of OECD trade
6.3--OECD trade with low- and middle-income economies
6.4--Uruguay Round tariff reductions
6.5--Commodity prices
6.6--Net financial flows from Development Assistance Committee countries
6.7--Aid flows from Development Assistance Committee countries
6.8--Financial terms of official development assistance commitments
6.9--Distribution of net aid by Development Assistance Committee countries
6.10--Aid dependency
6.11--Net concessional flows from multilateral institutions
6.12--Net resource flows from international financial institutions
6.13--Foreign labor and population in OECD countries


Boxes


1a-- Targeting development
4a-- The pitfalls of measuring national income
5a-- Private capital flows prove resilient


Figures


2a-- Regional population shares, 1980 and 2030
2.2a-- Composition of population by age and sex in low- and high-income economies, 1995 and 2025
2.2b-- Population growth in low- and middle-income economies, 1990–2035
2.2c-- Population growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1990–2035
2.2d-- Population growth in Asia, 1990–2035
2.2e-- Population growth in the Middle East and North Africa, 1990–2035
2.2f-- Population growth in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1990–2035
2.2g-- Population growth in Europe and Central Asia, 1990–2035
2.14a-- Infant mortality, by region, 1970, 1980, and 1995

3a-- Global water use, by sector, 1900–2000
3b-- Energy use, by income group, 1994
3.1a-- Land use in low-income economies, 1980 and 1994
3.1b-- Land use in middle-income economies, 1980 and 1994
3.1c-- Land use in high-income economies, 1980 and 1994
3.2a-- Protected areas, globally and by income group, 1994
3.5a-- Carbon dioxide emissions per capita, by income group, 1980 and 1992
3.5b-- Carbon dioxide emissions, by income group, 1992
3.6a-- Urban population, by region, 1970–95
3.6b-- Urban population, by income group, 1980–95
3.7a-- Motor vehicle registration, 1930–90
3.7b-- Motor vehicle production, 1950–90
3.9a-- Global atmospheric concentration of chlorofluorocarbons, 1978–94

4.3a-- Food production, by region, 1980 and 1995
4.6a-- Five largest developing manufacturing economies, 1994
4.6b-- Shares of manufactured goods produced, by income group, 1994
4.7a-- Net barter terms of trade, 1980–93
4.8a-- Merchandise exports from developing economies, 1980–94
4.9a-- Merchandise imports of developing economies, 1980–95
4.10a-- World trade in goods and services, 1980–95
4.11a-- Services as a share of total trade, 1980–95
4.12a-- Structure of demand, 1995
4.13a-- Private consumption per capita, 1980–95
4.14a-- Expenditure on services in nominal and PPP terms as a share of total expenditure in selected economies
4.14b-- Expenditure on food in nominal and PPP terms as a share of total expenditure in selected economies
4.20a-- Range of annual inflation rates, by region, 1980–90
4.20b-- Range of annual inflation rates, by region, 1990–95
4.20c-- Average annual rates of inflation, by region, 1980–95

5a-- GNP per capita and stock market capitalization in emerging markets, 1995
5b-- Implementing the private sector development agenda
5.2a-- Net private capital flows to developing economies, by region, 1980–95
5.9a-- Country rating of top 10 developing economy recipients of private capital flows, 1996
5.11a-- GNP per capita and telephone density in developing economies, 1995
5.13a-- High-technology exports from the top 10 high-technology exporters among developing economies, 1995
5.14a-- The 10 developing economies with the most TV sets per capita, 1995
5.14b-- The 10 developing economies with the most personal computers per capita, 1995

6.3a-- Manufactures in high-income OECD country imports from low- and middle-income economies, 1970–95
6.5a-- Weighted index of primary commodity prices for low- and middle-income economies, 1970–95
6.7a-- Net ODA from DAC countries as a share of GNP, 1994
6.7b-- Net ODA from DAC countries, 1994
6.8a-- Share of grants in net bilateral ODA from DAC countries, 1960–95
6.9a-- Distribution of net bilateral ODA and official aid from the five largest donors, 1994
6.12a-- Net IBRD and IDA lending, 1970–95
6.13a-- Stocks of foreign population by nationality in selected OECD countries


Text tables


2a-- Population living on less than $1 a day in developing economies, 1987 and 1993
2b-- Estimated illiterate population aged 15 and above, 1980 and 1995
2.3a-- Unemployment and underemployment in three countries
2.5a-- Poverty gap in various regions, 1987 and 1993
2.6a-- Income shares of lowest and highest quintiles, 1960s–1990s
2.7a-- Public education spending per pupil, by level of schooling, 1985 and 1992
2.8a-- Social and private rates of return to investment in education, by level of schooling
2.13a-- Cost-effectiveness of public health interventions and essential clinical services in low-income economies, 1990
2.13b-- Prevalence of child malnutrition, 1985, 1990, and 1995

3.2a-- Countries with largest shares of protected areas
3.6a-- Urban agglomerations with populations of 10 million or more, 2015
3.9a-- Status of national environmental action plans

4a-- Average annual growth of world trade and GDP, 1950–95
4b-- The emerging giants of the developing world, 1995
4.14a-- Structure of consumption in PPP terms, by income group, 1993 4.14b-- Structure of consumption in nominal local currency terms, by income group, 1993

5.6a-- OECD imports covered by nontariff barriers before and after the Uruguay Round
5.7a-- Average annual growth of exports and export growth factors, 1983–94
5.7b-- Correlation of export growth factors with export growth, 1983–94

6a-- Global environment for developing economies, 1974–2006