Cover
From the publishers
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Overview , by Marianne Fay

Chapter1: Urban Poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean: Setting the Stage
By Marianne Fay and Caterina Ruggeri Laderchi
Boxes:
1.1 Five Views of the Connection between Social Relations and Urban Poverty in Latin America
1.2 Measuring Urban Poverty
Figures:
1.1 Growth in the urban population implies further increases in the number of urban poor, even if urban poverty rates remain constant
1.2 The incidence of poverty decreases as city size increases
1.3 Poverty rates in Mexico decline as settlement size increases
1.4 Whether urban or rural areas are more unequal depends on the country as well as the segment of the income distribution
1.5 Inequality generally increases with city size
Tables:
1.1 Poverty is urbanizing in Latin America and the Caribbean
1.2 Latin America and the Caribbean will continue to urbanize, but at varying speeds across subregions
1.3 Urban poverty is more responsive to growth than rural poverty
1.4 The consumption patterns of the urban and rural poor are similar: An illustration from Guatemala, 2002
1.5 The urban poor generally have much greater access to basic services than the rural poor
1A.1 Distribution of Household per Capita Income: Inequality Indices
1A.2 Population, Urbanization, and Poverty Estimates, by Country, 1998
1A.3 Urban Population Distribution across Latin America

Chapter 2:  Working One’s Way Up: The Urban Poor and the Labor Market
By Caterina Ruggeri Laderchi
Boxes:
2.1 Voices of the Poor: How the Urban Poor in Mexico View the Connection between Work and Poverty
Figures:
2.1 Labor income accounts for more than 85 percent of the income of the urban poor in Latin America and the Caribbean
2.2 Very poor men and women are more likely than others to have only low-level skills
2.3 Returns to education are lower for Rio de Janeiro’s favela residents
2.4 In Mexico the percentage of the urban poor employed in good jobs fell between 1991 and 2000
Tables:
2.1 Unemployment is higher among the heads of poor households in selected Latin American countries
2.2 Argentine households used a variety of labor-market-related strategies to cope with the 2001–2 Crisis
2A.1 Sources of Household Income in Urban Areas, by per Capita Household Income Quintile
2A.2 Sources of Household Income in Rural Areas, by per Capita Household Income Quintile
2A.3 Percentage of Employed and Unemployed Adults in Urban Areas, by Gender and per Capita Income Quintile
2A.4 Percentage of Employed and Unemployed Adults in Rural Areas, by Gender and per Capita Income Quintile
2A.5 Percentage of Female Adults by Education Level and per Capita Income Quintile
2A.6 Percentage of Male Adults by Education Level and per Capita Income Quintile
2A.7 Percentage of Employed Adults and Youth by Education Level
2A.8 Percentage of Urban Adults Employed in the Informal Sector or Self-Employed, by per Capita Income Quintile
2A.9 Percentage of Rural Adults Employed in the Informal Sector or Self-Employed, by per Capita Income Quintile

Chapter 3: Keeping a Roof over One’s Head: Improving Access to Safe and Decent Shelter
By Marianne Fay and Anna Wellenstein
Boxes:
3.1 How the Poor Typically Acquire Housing: Progressive Housing
3.2 The Central City Slum of Santo Domingo
3.3 Risk-Adjusted Housing Strategies in the Slums of Santo Domingo
3.4 A Brief History of Housing Policies Since the 1950s
3.5 Reforming the Rental Market in Colombia
3.6 Using Housing Microfinance: The Micasa Program in Peru
3.7 Costa Rica’s Direct Demand Housing Subsidy Program
3.8 Minimizing Deaths from Natural Disasters through Good Planning: The Case of Cuba
3.9 Providing Catastrophic Insurance to the Poor: The Experience of Manizales, Colombia
Figures:
3.1 Services with lower coverage are the most unequally distributed
3.2 Utilities represent a substantial share of household income or expenditures, especially for the poorest: The case of Argentina, 2002
3.3 Poor people are at greatest risk of suffering physical damage from a natural disaster
Tables:
3.1 Latin America has very high rates of homeownership
3.2 Homeownership has been stagnant or fell in the 1990s for the poorest
3.3 Only about half of poor homeowners have formal title to their homes or their property
3.4 High average access to water obfuscates the situation of the poor

Chapter 4: Violence, Fear, and Insecurity among the Urban Poor in Latin America
By Caroline Moser, Ailsa Winton, and Annalise Moser
Boxes:
4.1 The Difficulty of Measuring Crime and Violence
4.2 The Inter-American Development Bank’s Approaches to Measuring the Costs of Violence
4.3 The Health Costs of Violence in Latin American Cities
4.4 Community Policing in Hatillo, Costa Rica
4.5 Reducing Crime and Violence in Bogotá
4.6 Preventing Gang Violence in El Salvador: The Homies Unidos Program
Figures:
4.1 The cost of violence varies significantly across countries but is high throughout Latin America
Tables:
4.1 Urban violence in Latin America and the Caribbean takes many forms.
4.2 Violence imposes significant costs on Latin America
4.3 A variety of approaches and interventions are used to reduce urban violence
4.4 The Khayelitsha Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading Project includes many components
4.5 Budget allocations in violence reduction projects funded by the Inter-American Development Bank vary
4.6 Colombia and Guatemala have tried to reduce violence by increasing capital
4A.1 Categories of Violence
4A.2 Types and Sources of Violence Data
4A.3 Incidence of Sexual Abuse of Women in Selected Latin American Cities
4A.4 Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising
4A.5 Features of Inter-American Development Bank Projects to Reduce Violence in Four Latin American Countries

Chapter 5: Keeping Healthy in an Urban Environment: Public Health Challenges for the Urban Poor
By Ricardo Bitrán, Ursula Giedion, Rubi Valenzuela, and Paavo Monkkonen
Boxes:
5.1 Improving Hygiene Practices as part of a Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Peru
5.2 Providing Preventive Health Services in Low-Resource Communities in Brazil
Figures:
5.1 Noncommunicable diseases represent an increasing share of the disease burden in Latin America and the Caribbean
5.2 The urban poor fare as badly as or worse than the rural poor in many countries
5.3 Health indicators in urban areas vary widely across income groups
5.4 Access to basic services rises with income in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Tables:
5.1 Health indicators in rural and urban areas of Peru, 1997
5.2 Correlation between illness and poverty-related factors in Cali, Colombia, 1999

Chapter 6: Relying on Oneself: Assets of the Poor
By Marianne Fay and Caterina Ruggeri Laderchi
Boxes:
6.1 How the Poor Save and Draw on Their Assets:Illustrations from The Children of Sánchez
6.2 Drawing on Assets Following the 2002 Economic Crisis in Argentina and Uruguay
6.3 Low-Income Homeownership: Examining the Unexamined Goal
6.4 How Profitable Is Small-Scale Landlordism?
6.5 Informal Savings Institutions in Mexico: Tandas, Clubes, and Cajas de Ahorros

Chapter 7: Calling on Friends and Relatives: Social Capital
By Michael Woolcock
Boxes:
7.1 Participatory Budgeting in Bolivia: Getting Top-Down and Bottom-Up Right
7.2 The Astonishing Success of Villa El Salvador in Lima, Peru

Chapter 8: Public Social Safety Nets and the Urban Poor
By Marianne Fay, Lorena Cohan, and Karla McEvoy
Boxes:
8.1 Does Social Protection Address the Needs of the Urban Poor in Latin America and Caribbean?
8.2 How Do the New Poor and the Chronic Poor Cope with Macroeconomic Crisis?
8.3 How Effective Was Argentina’s Jefes Program During the 2002 Crisis?
8.4 Who Are “At-Risk Youth”?
8.5 Argentina’s Experience with Workfare: The Trajabar Program
8.6 Types of Targeting Methods
8.7 Expanding a Model Cash Transfer Program from Rural to Urban Areas: Mexico’s Oportunidades
8.8 Latin America’s Costly—and Regressive—Social Insurance Systems
Tables:
8.1 The pension system in urban Peru is highly regressive—and has become more so over time
8.2 Noncontributory assistance pensions in Latin America cover a significant proportion of pension recipients
8A.1 Targeting Instruments for Safety Net Program in Urban Areas