Planning for Development
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From the data files of the World Bank
File Copy No. 27711
Subnational Capital Markets in Developing Countries
From Theory to Practice
- 2004
Mila Freire and John Peterson, with Marcela Huerta and Miguel Valadez (editors)
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"Within the framework of increasing decentralization, the need for local
governments
to access financial markets is growing. As urbanization expands, local
authorities need to provide more services with fewer resources from the
central
government. Subnational borrowing—leveraging reliable cash flows—and
prudent
fiscal management can be alternatives to fund such investments, especially
when
the useful life of the service is long and an adequate legal framework is in
place
to ensure fiscal and financial stability."
"This book, prepared by staff members of the World Bank and selected guest
contributors, consists of two parts. The first part comprises a framework to
study
subnational governments as borrowers and the array of credit markets in which
they may operate. The second part consists of case studies that document the
recent experience of 18 countries in developing markets for subnational
borrowers
and offer lessons about fostering responsible credit market access within a
framework of fiscal and financial discipline. The book pools information on
the
issuing of municipal debt and its characteristics, analyzes the role of
macroeconomic
conditions and market development in the success or failure of those
borrowings, and suggests recommendations to guide ongoing efforts. The goal
is to assist local governments in working as strategic partners in the
development
and strengthening of the capital markets in emerging economies."
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From the World Bank Archives - SWP141
H. B. Chenery and N. G. Carter - 1973
Internal and external aspects of development plans and performance, 1960-1970
I. The analytical framework
II. Development performance in the sixties
III. Distribution and efficiency in aid policy
Footnotes
References
Notes to the tables
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A. Venables - 2006
Shifts in economic geography and their causes
Recent decades have seen momentous changes in the economic geography of the
world. Political transitions and economic liberalization have brought formerly
closed countries into the world economy...this has amounted to a doubling of
the world labour force...Some of these changes - falling trade and
communications costs- have been going on for centuries...the ratio of per
capita incomes of the richest to poorest nations increased from around 8:1 in
1870 to more than 50:1 in 2000
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From the World Bank Archives - SWP141
H. B. Chenery and N. G. Carter - 1973
Internal and external aspects of development plans and performance, 1960-1970
I. The analytical framework
II. Development performance in the sixties
III. Distribution and efficiency in aid policy
Footnotes
References
Notes to the tables
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From the data files of the World Bank: File Copy 13382
A. Waterson,
Development Planning. Lessons of
Experience -1969
- World Bank, 770 pages
Part One: The Development Planning Process
The many meanings of planning
-----Wartime planning
-----Town and country planning
-----Anticyclical planning
-----National planning
-----Regional planning
The spread of development planning
-----Early planning
-----Postwar planning
Stages of development planning
-----The socialized countries
-----Evolution of central planning
-----The pattern of decentralization
-----The mixed economies
-----Three stages of planning
-----Premature comprehensive planning
-----Experience favors staged approach
-----Difficulties of comprehensive planning
-----The problem of projects
-----Rationalising current public investment
Development plans
-----Planning without plans
-----The variety of plans
-----The formal status of plans
-----The duration of plans
-----Short-term plans
-----Medium-term plans
-----Long-term plans
-----Plan continuity and flexibility
-----Rolling plans
-----Annual plans
-----Plan objectives
-----Plan targets
Basic data for planning
-----Relationship between data and planning
-----Data needed for planning
-----The question of priorities
-----Planning with inadequate data
-----...
The budget's role in planning
-----The relationship between plan and budget
-----...
Administrative obstacles to planning
-----...
The implementation of plans
-----...
Part two: The organization of planning
Planning machinery priorities
-----...
The distribution of planning functions
-----...
The funtion and role of a central planning agency
-----...
Locating a central planning agency
-----...
Types of central planning agencies
-----...
Organization of a central planning agency
-----...
Subnational regional and local planning bodies
-----...
Programing units in operating organizations
-----...
Appendix I. Colombia: questionnaire on investment programs of public entities
Appendix II. Argentina: questionnaire on public investment programs
Appendix III. National plans
Appendix IV. Central planning agencies
Appendix V. Organization chart of Iran's plan organization
Appendix VI. The Philippines National Economic Council
Appendix VII. Morroco (1960) Division of Economic Coordination and Planning
Appendix VIII. India's Planning Commission
Appendix IX. Pakistan, organization chart, planning commission, President's secretariat
Turkey's State Planning Organization
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W. Arthur Lewis - 1966
Development Planning: the essentials of economic
policy
Selected pages published in books.google
Title
Copyright
Table of Contents
Patterns of Planification
Plan Strategy
Foreign Aid
The Arithmetic of Planning
IO Retrospect
Required School Enrolment
Growth Rate Averages
Resources and Their Use I
Capital Account I
Resources and Their Use II
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Samir Amin, (1990)
Maldevelopment
- Anatomy of a global failure
...In this book it is proposed to analyse this failure of development from a
political stand-point, for discussion of the options in the framework of
macroeconomic schema provides no more than commonplace and foreseeable findings.
We must aim higher and integrate in the discussion all the economic, political,
social and cultural facets of the problem and at the same time fit them into a
local framework ( Africa) that takes account of interaction on a world scale.
We acknowledge that this aim comes up against major theoretical difficulties.
Social reality as a whole has three facets: economic, political and cultural.
The economic aspect is perhaps the best known. In this field, conventional
economics has forged tools of immediate analysis and with greater or lesser
success of management of an advanced capitalist society. Historical materialism
has sought to plunge deeper and has often succeeded in illuminating the
character and extent of social struggles underlying the economic choices.
The field of power and politics is relatively less known; and eclecticism in
the theories advanced shows the inadequate scientific mastery of the reality.
Functional political thought, like its former or recent ingredients
(geopolitics, systems analysis, etc.) may sometimes be of immediate use in
shaping strategies but remains conceptually impoverished and does not warrant
the status of a critical theory. It is true that historical materialism provides
a hypothesis as to the organic relationship between the material base and the
political superstructure, and the hypothesis is fruitful if it is not too
crudely interpreted. The Marxist schools, however, have not conceptualized the
issue of power and politics (modes of domination) as they have the
categories(modes of production). The propositions in this direction, by Freudian
Marxists for example, have the undoubted merit of drawing attention to neglected
aspects of the issue but have not yet produced an overall conceptual system. The
field of politics lies virtually fallow.
It is not by chance that the first chapter of Volume One of Capital
includes the section entitled 'The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret
thereof. Marx intends to unveil the mysteries of capitalist society, and the
reason why it appears to us as directly governed by economics, in the forefront
of the social scene and the determinant of the other social dimensions that seem
then to accommodate to its demands. Economic alienation thus defines the essence
of the ideology of capitalism. Conversely, pre-capitalist class societies are
governed by politics, which takes the forefront of the stage and provide the
constraints that other aspects of the social reality - including economic
life-seem bound to obey. If a theory of these societies were to be written, the
work would be entitled 'Power' (instead of capital for the capitalist mode) and
the opening chapter would deal with 'the fetishism of power' (instead of the
fetishism of commodities).
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One of the most important features of capitalist markets is that they create economic inequality as a result
of capital accumulation, which appears as an antagonistic contradiction between economic efficiency and social efficiency in any capitalist social
formation. Planning for development require practitioners having a strong understanding of the above
feature, particularly because once established economic inequality makes even stronger
the political, social, and cultural inequalities already in place, adding to religious, racial and
gender inequalities in a sort of self-propelled feedback loop. Here are some useful
sections on this in my archive
(Dr. Róbinson Rojas):
-- Inequality - Social exclusion
-- Inequality, poverty, social exclusion and corruption in
---U.S.A
-- Inequality,
poverty, and social exclusion in Latin
---America
-- Inequality,
poverty, social exclusion and corruption in
---China
-- Spatial Inequality in Asia
Planning for Development require internal and external political and economic conditions allowing national policies to be free
from blockages imposed by
vested economic and political interests (huge transnational corporations and imperial nation-states) being served by the internal
dynamics of capitalist free markets.
The texts below deal with this problem within the realm of international trade. They make useful reading for planners for development
particularly in developing countries.
(Dr. Róbinson Rojas):
UNCTAD - Trade and Development Reports (TADR):
2007:
Regional cooperation for development
The Trade and Development Report 2007,...
recommends that developing countries should
strengthen regional cooperation with other
developing countries, but proceed carefully with
regard to North-South bilateral or regional
preferential trade agreements. Such agreements may
offer gains in terms of market access and higher
foreign direct investment, but they can also limit
national policy space, which can play an important
role in the medium- and long-term growth of
competitive industries
2006:
Global partnership and national policies for development
"The rules and commitments of the international trading regime restrict the
de jure ability
of developing nations to adopt national development policy".
"Rules and commitments, which in legal terms are equally binding for all countries,
in economic terms might impose more binding constraints on developing countries"(p. 167)
2005:
New Features of Global Interdependence
"Natural-resource
endowments determine the degree to which selfsufficiency
in food and raw materials is compatible with rapid industrial
development and growth ... but the balance-of-payments constraint limits import growth." (p. 52)
2004:
Policy coherence, development strategies and integration into the world economy
"The search for economic
stability is not between
autarky and surrendering
national sovereignty to the
expansive logic of markets." (p. 97)
2003:
Capital Accumulation, Growth and Structural Change
With the leading industrial countries still not pulling in the same direction,
prospects for much of the developing world are clouded by tensions in the
trading system, volatility in the currency market and deflationary pressures.
This year´s Report traces the difficulties back to the pattern of
global trade and financial flows in the 1990s. But the Report also asks
whether market-led reforms adopted in many developing countries after the debt
crisis of the early 1980s have strengthened these countries´ ability to
withstand external shocks.
2002:
Developing Countries in World Trade
The Trade and Development Report 2002 analyses trends and outlooks
for the world economy and focuses on export dynamism and industrialization in
developing countries. It demonstrates that, although integration into world
trade is essential, it is not in itself sufficient for ensuring a country´s
development. The Report questions the conventional wisdom that export growth and
foreign direct investment (FDI) automatically generate commensurate income
gains.
2001:
Global Trends and Prospects - Financial Architecture
International economic issues touch the lives of people everywhere. Whether
grappling with the challenges posed by new information technologies, seeking to
draw policy lessons from financial crises in emerging markets, or assessing the
possible impact of China´s entry into the World Trade Organization, we look to
economics as a guide in our rapidly changing world. The poorest nations
especially require a clear economic road map if they are to make progress
against the persistent problems of hunger, ill health and social insecurity.
2000:
Global Economic Growth and Imbalances
Even as the digital age creates new opportunities, financial fragilities in the
world economy continue to constrain policy makers everywhere. Given the severity
of East Asia´s financial crisis, much of the focus and concern in recent years
has been on developments in the region.
This year´s Report takes a careful look at the forces driving the recovery in
East Asia, its weakness and the long-term prospects and policy for sustained
growth and development.
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M. Syrquin - 2005
Kuznets and modern economic growth fifty years later
Simon Kuznets was awarded the 1971 Nobel Prize in economics for his empirically founded
interpretation of economic growth, yet, two decades after his death it is only in the guise of the
“Kuznets curve” that he may be found in the literature of growth or of economic development. In
this paper I review Kuznets’ contribution to growth focusing particularly on his analysis of the
costs and benefits of growth and the impossibility of conceptualizing modern economic growth
without substantive structural shifts.
Kuznets maintained the impossibility of a purely economic theory of growth. He considered the
more general theory as a worthwhile goal but a very remote one at the time. The central problem
for Kuznets was to endogenize what economics mostly regards as givens: technology, population,
tastes, and institutions.
In his studies of national income and growth Kuznets repeatedly emphasized the problems of
scope, valuation, and the distinction between net and gross outputs. The answers to these
questions depend on the purpose of economic activity which in turn refers to the social values of
the place and time. The solutions, therefore, can never be absolute.
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Malaysia
Planning in Malaysia is a two-way
interactive process between the EPU, on the one hand, and the line ministries
andagencies, on the other, as shown below. This top-down and bottom-up processes
ensure that national policies and strategies are realized and development
concerns at sub-regional level are fully integrated into the overall national
development thrusts.
Planning from the top which is confined to setting macro
level parameters is determined in the context of the Inter- EPU Agencies
Planning Groups (IAPGs). The EPU is the secretariat for each of the IAPGs whose
work precedes the formulation of any development plan.
Planning from the bottom,
on the other hand, essentially involves the line ministries, agencies and the
state governments which translate the sectoral master plans into specific
programmes and projects. The plays the key role in matching the micro-level
programmes and projects with the macro-level plans for each economic sectors | |
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