Róbinson
Rojas -1997
The other side of China's miracle: unemployment and
inequality
Rural jobless threat.Since the counter-revolution took over in China in 1977, two main
problems have been mounting: increasing unemployment and
income differentiation. In September 1995, Far Eastern
Economic Review published the following:
Rural unemployment poses the "biggest threat" to China, which must
expand labour-intensive industries, according to a State Statistics
Bureau Report. "Labour supply will continue to outweigh demand for
a long time", the report said. It called China's official estimates
of 100 million rural jobless inaccurate. Unofficial tallies put the
number at 200 million -nearly 17% of the population".
In October 1995, Li Boyong, Chinese Minister of Labour, said that
"the problem of oversupply of labour will remain for a long time,
a fact which exerts considerable pressure on reform and
development"...
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Róbinson Rojas -1997
Notes on China's painful path to capitalism
Between October 1976 and late 1978 the Chinese socialist path to
development was stopped and then dismantled by the counter-revolutionary
members of the Communist Party who staged a coup-d'etat in late 1976
to reverse the revolutionary process evolving since 1950. This
coup d'etat was the last battle in a civil war started in 1966, when the
new communist ruling class in China was challenged by part of the
industrial workers, students and peasants and a section of the Central
Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. Leaders of the new ruling
class were Liu Shao-chi (then president of China), Chou En-lai (then
Prime Minister of China), and Deng Xiaoping (then second in command
in the political bureau). Between 1966 and 1976 this civil war was
known as the "cultural revolution".
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Róbinson Rojas 1996
Notes on South Korea, Taiwan and the myth of the
East Asian miracle
The notion of "guided capitalism" was put forward by scholars studying
the post 1945 process of industrialization in three societies: Japan,
South Korea and Taiwan. The three cases had in common a "singularity",
which was
-special access to United States' domestic market,
-heavy protectionist economic policies accepted by transnational
corporations,
-special flows of grants and aid from the United States,
-special flows of aid in food from the United States when land reform
was in progress, and
-special military treaties, which boosted sectors of the domestic
economies in the three societies.
The above five components of this singularity made possible an economic
system which was accurately described as a "close liaison between government and business, in which
the government picked industrial winners, promoted them with cheap
bank loans, and pushed them down the path of exporting, transformed
Korea into an industrial powerhouse". (Financial Times, Nov. 7, 1995)
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L.H.
Rockwell (2002)
The
legimitacy of capitalism
Why does freedom need a relentless intellectual defense? Because of statements
like the following: "the legitimacy of global capitalism as the dominant system of production,
distribution, and exchange will be eroded even further, even in the heartland of
the system…; while there are villains aplenty, it is the dynamics of the system
of deregulated, finance-driven global capitalism that is the central
problem."
The words happen to be written by pop econo-sociologist Walden Bello, but the
sentiments have been echoed all across the left, right, and center.
Certainly Bello's conviction that the problem is with the market system reflects
the views of every bureaucrat currently regulating the capital markets, and
probably two-thirds of tenured professors in this country.
Capitalism needs a conscience, says Bush, because otherwise it will be
consumed by the "destructive greed" of businessmen. Greenspan concurs, adding
that when this greed is "infectious," it destabilizes markets. "This cowboy
capitalism must stop," adds Maxine Waters, further urging Bush and Greenspan to
apply a regulatory "conscience" to quarantine "infectious greed."
Yet Bush didn't go far enough in his speech, say the nation's editorial
pages. He should have gone "after the evils of capitalism" itself, says the
San Francisco Chronicle, in the same way that Clinton went after racism
even when it emanated from Sister Souljah.
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A. G. Frank (2001):
On the Asian economy -
historically
It is a great honor indeed to have my book translated into and published in the
Korean language, and I am thankful to Yesan for taking the initiative to do so
and to Mr. XX for making this communication between us possible. Therefore also,
it is a privilege and pleasure to be invited and able to address the Korean
reader in this foreword prepared especially for you. That is all the more so the
case as I am a Westerner, neither a historian nor a student of Asia, and much
less of Korea. These last conditions of mine may however turn out to have been a
good thing both for me and the reader in Korea and elsewhere. The reason is
illustrated by the personal inscription that my son [ who is a student of
Chinese history at Harvard University] wrote for me as he made me a birthday
present of a book on an aspect of Asian history. My son wrote : "From one who
sees (and studies) the tree to one who sees (and studies) the forest. Happy
Birthday! Paulo." Indeed, almost all historians only like, or like only, to look
at particular historical trees; and they ignore or even deny the forest, and
especially the global forest, in which the trees grow and must live and
reproduce.. They see no forest at all, least of all a global world forest.
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Romer Cornejo
(2005)
China, un nuevo actor en el escenario
latinoamericano
El aumento del intercambio económico y político entre
China y América Latina ha generado diversas reacciones.
Algunos han tendido a percibir a China como una amenaza
para los proyectos exportadores de sus países; otros, como
la tabla de salvación para las economías exportadoras de
materias primas y alimentos. Con una renovada presencia
en el escenario internacional, China tiene intereses
globales vinculados a su proyecto de desarrollo económico
y su consolidación como Estado nacional. En este
sentido, América Latina puede aportarle materias primas,
nuevos mercados para sus productos y alianzas
diplomáticas que apoyen sus intereses.
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L.H. Rockwell
(2002)
A
legitimidade do capitalisme
Por que a liberdade precisa de uma incansável defesa intelectual? Por causa
de declarações como a seguinte: "A legitimidade do capitalismo global, como o sistema dominante de produção,
distribuição e troca será erodida ainda mais, mesmo no coração do sistema...;
embora haja vilões em grande número, é a dinâmica do sistema de capitalismo
global desregulamentado, dirigido pelas finanças, que é o problema
central."
As palavras foram escritas pelo economista-sociólogo pop Walden Bello,
mas os sentimentos ecoaram ao longo da direita, da esquerda e do centro.
Certamente a convicção de Bello de que o problema é com o sistema de mercado
reflete a visão de todo burocrata atualmente regulando os mercados de capitais,
e provavelmente de dois terços dos professores universitários neste país.
O capitalismo precisa de uma consciência, diz Bush, porque do contrário ele
será consumido pela "ganância destrutiva" dos homens de negócios. Greenspan
concorda, acrescentando que quando essa ganância é "infecciosa", ela
desestabiliza os mercados. "Este capitalismo cowboy precisa parar", acrescenta
Maxine Waters, conclamando Bush e Greenspan a aplicar a "consciência"
regulatória para pôr de quarentena a "ganância infecciosa".
Ainda assim, Bush não foi longe o suficiente, dizem as páginas editoriais da
nação. Ele deveria ter atacado "os males do capitalismo em si mesmo", diz o
San Francisco Chronicle, a mesma maneira que Clinton atacou o racismo,
mesmo quando ele emanava da Irmã Souljah.
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Lecture libéral du capitalisme dirigée
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25
años de reformas económicas en China 1978-2003
Sebastián Claro - Estudios Públicos N° 91, 2003.
El año 2003 se cumple un cuarto de siglo de fundamentales
transformaciones económicas en China. En 25 años, China ha pasado de ser una de
las economías más cerradas y centralizadas del planeta a una economía pujante
con un rol cada vez más importante en el contexto internacional. Este trabajo
presenta una evaluación de las principales reformas introducidas en 1978. Se
discute el grado de avance de la economía a una economía de mercado, y se evalúa
la situación de las áreas donde el atraso es evidente. A la luz de esto, se
presenta un análisis de las principales implicancias para la economía y su
proceso de transición de la entrada de China a la Organización Mundial de
Comercio el año 2001. Se concluye que los desafíos pendientes son muy grandes,
especialmente en lo referido a la subsistencia de las empresas estatales y a la
solidez del sistema financiero.
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