DP2005/07
David M. Malone and Heiko Nitzschke:
Economic Agendas in Civil Wars: What We Know, What We Need to Know
(PDF 135KB)
The political economy of civil wars has acquired unprecedented scholarly and policy attention. Among others, the International Peace Academy’s programme on Economic Agendas in Civil Wars (EACW) has aimed to contribute to a better understanding of the complex dynamics of civil war economies and has identified areas for policy development critical for improved conflict prevention, conflict resolution, and postconflict peacebuilding. While much of the earlier debate on the economic dimensions has been polarized around the ‘greed versus grievance’ dichotomy, there is now a better understanding of how economic dynamics can influence the onset, character, and duration of armed conflicts. This paper discusses key research findings and their policy relevance, provides a preliminary assessment of policy efforts to address the economic dimensions of conflict and conflict transformation, and offers some issues for further research and policy action.

DP2005/05
Tony Addison:
Post-Conflict Recovery: Does the Global Economy Work for Peace?
(PDF 96KB)
Countries as diverse as Afghanistan, Angola, and Sierra Leone are now attempting to recover from major wars, often amidst continuing insecurity. The challenge is to achieve a broad-based recovery that benefits the majority of people. The economic and social recovery of conflict-affected countries cannot be separated from their interaction with the rest of the world through flows of finance, goods, and people. Unfortunately, the global economy is not working well for peace. Trade reform, in particular, must take account of the need to create better, and non-violent, livelihoods for the world’s poor: rich-country protectionism in agriculture hinders broad-based recovery and thereby harms the new international security agenda. Post-conflict economies also need more external finance to support early institutional development and reform, thereby increasing the effectiveness of longer-term aid inflows.

RP2005/15 Amos Sawyer: Social Capital, Survival Strategies, and their Potential for Post-Conflict Governance in Liberia (PFD 93KB)

RP2005/42 P. B. Anand: Getting Infrastructure Priorities Right in Post-Conflict Reconstruction (PDF 121KB)

RP2005/52 Liisa Laakso: Beyond the Notion of Security Community: What Role for the African Regional Organizations in Peace and Security? (PDF 94KB)

RP2005/51 Jennifer Widner: Constitution Writing and Conflict Resolution (PDF 101KB)

RP2005/50 Joseph Hanlon: Is the International Community Helping to Recreate the Pre-Conditions for War in Sierra Leone? (PDF 94KB)

RP2005/48 Saman Kelegama: Transforming Conflict with an Economic Dividend: The Sri Lankan Experience (PDF 87KB)

RP2005/44 Ghassan Dibeh: The Political Economy of Postwar Reconstruction in Lebanon (PDF 173KB)

RP2006/18 Marcia Byrom Hartwell: Violence in Peace: Understanding Increased Violence in Early Post-Conflict Transitions and Its Implications for Development (PDF 86KB)

RP2006/19 Arjan de Haan: Migration in the Development Studies Literature: Has It Come Out of Its Marginality? (PDF 140KB)

DP2003/72 Raimo Väyrynen: Illegal Immigration, Human Trafficking, and Organized Crime (PDF 227KB)

DP2003/68 Matthew J. Gibney and Randall Hansen: Asylum Policy in the West: Past Trends, Future Possibilities (PDF 231KB)

DP2003/64
Riccardo Faini:
Is the Brain Drain an Unmitigated Blessing?
(PDF 200KB)
Increasingly, immigration policies tend to favour the entry of skilled workers, raising substantial concerns among sending countries. The ‘revisionist’ approach to the analysis of the brain drain holds that such concerns are largely unwarranted. First, sustained migratory flows may be associated with an equally large flow of remittances. Second, migrants may return home after having acquired a set of productive skills. Finally, the ability to migrate abroad may boost the incentive to acquire skills by home residents. This paper takes a further look at the link between skilled migration, education, and remittances. It finds little support for the revisionist approach. First, a higher skilled content of migration is found to be associated with a lower flow of remittances. Second, there is little evidence suggesting that raising the skill composition of migration has a positive effect on the educational achievements in the home country.

DP2003/59 Catherine Phuong: Controlling Asylum Migration to the Enlarged EU (PDF 217KB)

DP2003/48 Elizabeth Thomas-Hope: Irregular Migration and Asylum Seekers in the Caribbean (PDF 306KB)

DP2003/41 Jonathon W. Moses and Bjørn Letnes: If People were Money: Estimating the Potential Gains from Increased International Migration (PDF 215KB)

DP2003/35 Philip Martin: Economic Integration and Migration: The Mexico-US Case (PDF 236KB)

DP2003/34 Géraldine Chatelard: Iraqi Forced Migrants in Jordan: Conditions, Religious Networks, and the Smuggling Process (PDF 230KB)

DP2003/31
Stephen Castles and Sean Loughna:
Trends in Asylum Migration to Industrialized Countries: 1990-2001
(PDF 420KB)
The purpose of this paper is to outline trends and patterns in movements of asylumseekers to Western so-called industrialized countries from 1990-2001. The paper begins by characterizing three distinct phases of asylum migration since the end of the Second World War. It then provides background material on global refugee and asylum movements, using statistics from UNHCR. The data for selected receiving countries and regions is discussed, followed by some remarks on changing routes used by asylumseekers. The selected countries and regions are Australia, Canada, the EU and the USA. Finally, we examine some of the causal factors behind asylum migration and attempt to identify their significance upon flows migration.

DP2003/29 Andrés Solimano: Development Cycles, Political Regimes and International Migration: Argentina in the Twentieth Century (PDF 405KB)

DP2003/27 Ana María Iregui: Efficiency Gains from the Elimination of Global Restrictions on Labour Mobility: An Analysis using a Multiregional CGE Model (PDF 236KB)

DP2003/24
Susan F. Martin, Andrew I. Schoenholtz and David Fisher:
Impact of Asylum on Receiving Countries
(PDF 204KB)
Whereas asylum seekers and the systems for adjudicating their claims to refugee status in developed countries have garnished considerable attention and, often, have been at the centre of political controversy, there has been relatively little research on their actual impact on receiving countries. This article discusses the factors that determine the impact of asylum, as distinct from other forms of migration, concluding that the number of asylum seekers, government policies and socioeconomic characteristics all determine the impact of asylum. Hence, the impacts of asylum can differ significantly from country to country. Even within the same country, one could expect to see varied impacts depending on the age, education and skill level of individual asylum seekers. The paper then examines the fiscal, economic, and social impacts of asylum, as well as its impact on foreign policy and national security. It concludes with an examination of the impact of developed countries’ asylum policies on the protection of refugees in developing countries. When refugee protection has been weakened in economically strong states and asylum restrictions are perceived as burden shifting, international protection in the developing world where most refugees try to survive has been undercut.

DP2003/23
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson:
What Fundamentals Drive World Migration?
(PDF 232KB)
Governments in the OECD note rising immigration with alarm and grapple with policies aimed at selecting certain migrants and keeping out others. Economists appear to be well armed to advise governments since they are responsible for an impressive literature that examines the characteristics of individual immigrants, their absorption and the consequences of their migration on both sending and receiving regions. Economists are, however, much less well armed to speak to the determinants of the world migrations that give rise to public alarm. This paper offers a quantitative assessment of the economic and demographic fundamentals that have driven and are driving world migration, across different historical epochs and around the world. The paper is organized around three questions: How do the standard theories of migration perform when confronted with evidence drawn from more than a century of world migration experience? How do inequality and poverty influence world migration? Is it useful to distinguish between migration pressure and migration ex post, or between the potential demand for visas and the actual use of them?

A Spanish translation of DP 2003/23 appears in
Revista Asturiana de Economía, No. 30: 7-36.
¿Cuáles son las causas que mueven la migración mundial? (PDF 521KB)

DP2003/10
Timothy M. Shaw:
Conflict and Peace-building in Africa: The Regional Dimensions
(PDF 590KB)
Contemporary Africa reveals a range of causes, consequences and responses to conflicts which are increasingly interrelated as well as regional in character, as around the Great Lakes/Horn. Their economic and non-state features are undeniable, leading to some promising possibilities in terms of ‘track-two’ diplomacy both on and off the continent, such as the ‘Kimberley Process’ around ‘blood’ diamonds. Development corridors and trans-frontier peace-parks may also constitute innovative ways to moderate and contain conflict. As often, changeable African cases challenge established assumptions, analyses and policies, such as those around civil society, governance, regional and security studies.

DP2003/20:
Khalid Koser and Nicholas Van Hear:
Asylum Migration and Implications for Countries of Origin
(PDF 197KB)
The purpose of this paper is to synthesize what is known about the influence of asylum migration on countries of origin. It combines an analysis of data, a review of the literature and empirical examples from our own research. In the first section we consider the effects of the absence of refugees on countries of origin, focusing on the scale of movements, the characteristics of refugees, where they go and their length of time in exile. In the second section, we review the evidence about the influence of asylum-seekers and refugees on their country of origin from exile. Third, we consider the implications for countries of origin of the return of asylum-seekers and refugees. The conclusion acknowledges the limited state of current knowledge and draws out some policy implications.

DP2003/19 Claudia Tazreiter: Asylum-seekers as Pariahs in the Australian State: Security Against the Few (PDF 195KB)

DP2003/89 Andrés Solimano: Remittances by Emigrants: Issues and Evidence (PDF 231KB)

DP2003/20: Khalid Koser and Nicholas Van Hear: Asylum Migration and Implications for Countries of Origin (PDF 197KB)

DP2003/19 Claudia Tazreiter: Asylum-seekers as Pariahs in the Australian State: Security Against the Few (PDF 195KB)

DP2003/18 Svetlana P. Glinkina and Dorothy J. Rosenberg: Social and Economic Decline as Factors in Conflict in the Caucasus (PDF 1023KB)

DP2003/10 Timothy M. Shaw: Conflict and Peace-building in Africa: The Regional Dimensions (PDF 590KB)

DP2003/78 George J. Borjas: The Economic Integration of Immigrants in the United States: Lessons for Policy (PDF 158KB)
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Through its work, the Centre contributes to improving national and international capacities to protect and assist the millions of people around the globe who have been displaced within their own country as a result of conflicts or human rights violations.

At the request of the United Nations, the Geneva-based IDMC runs an online database providing comprehensive information and analysis on internal displacement in some 50 countries. Based on its monitoring and data collection activities, the Centre advocates for durable solutions to the plight of the internally displaced in line with international standards. The IDMC also carries out training activities to enhance the capacity of local actors to respond to the needs of internally displaced people (IDPs). In its work, the Centre cooperates with and provides support to local and national civil society initiatives.

1. Forced migration within national borders: the IDP agenda
2. The Three Gorges: the unexamined toll of development-induced displacement
3. National response to internal displacement
4. Living in the shadows: internally displaced people in southern Africa
5. Colombia : a search for peace in the midst of conflict
6. Human rights have no borders
7. Bosnia and Herzegovina: problems and progress in the return process
8. Managing the return of refugees to Bosnia and Herzegovina
9. The view from the battlements: community work on the fringe of Fortress Europe
10. Refugee crisis in the Great Lakes: have any lessons been learned?
11. Responding to crises in the African Great Lakes

F.M.R. 2 : August 1998
People in camps

1. Putting refugees in camps
2. The Kibeho crisis: towards a more effective system of international protection of IDPs
3. From village to camp: refugee camp life in transition on the Thailand-Burma border
4. Encampment at Abu Rakham in Sudan: a personal account
5. Saharawi refugees: life after the camps
6. Camps - literature review
7. The value of memory: Project for the Reconstruction of a Historial Memory in Guatemala
8. Enclosures and exclusions: wildlife conservation schemes and pastoral tribes in the Middle East
9. The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement: a new instrument for international organisations and NGOs

Stop Press

1. The Eritrea-Ethiopia Conflict
2. Humanitarian Crisis in Kosovo

F.M.R. 3 :December 1998
This issue presented a wide range of different issues and did not have a specific feature section

1. What can we do to support children who have been through war?
2. Environmental programmes with refugees: abandon the blanket approach?
3. Tensions between the refugee concept and the IDP debate
4. Dilemmas facing agencies in the urban centres of Afghanistan
5. Afghan refugees in Iran: the needs of women and children
6. Guatemala: never again

1. Refugee camps reconsidered
2. Refugee camps not really reconsidered: a reply to Crisp and Jacobsen

1. How tense is the tension between the refugee concept and the IDP debate?
2. What may be borrowed; what is new?
3. Rights and borders: a reply to Michael Barutciski
4. Protection and assistance for IDPs - a reply to Michael Barutciski
5. Questioning the tensions between the 'refugee' and 'IDP' concepts: a rebuttal

F.M.R. 5 : August 1999
Learning from Kosovo

1. Introduction: learning from Kosovo
2. Kosovo: the implications for humanitarian intervention
3. Western diplomacy and the Kosovo refugee crisis
4. Failing the internally displaced
5. UNHCR and Kosovo: a personal view from within UNHCR
6. Humanitarian interventions in Macedonia: an NGO perspective
7. Coordination in the midst of chaos: the refugee crisis in Albania
8. Kosovan refugees in the UK: the Rolls Royce or rickshaw reception?
9. Myth and reality: the return of Kosovan Albanians
10. Kosovo and beyond: popular and unpopular refugees
11. Involving the beneficiaries
12. East Timor: forced resettlement
13. Security for women

F.M.R. 6 : December 1999
Culture in exile

1. Introduction
2. ‘Traditional’ culture and refugee welfare in north-west Thailand
3. Music and refugee lives: Afghans in eastern Iran and California
4. Imagining home: the reconstruction of Tibet in exile
5. The role of art in psychosocial care and protection for displaced children
6. Psychosocial rehabilitation of IDP children: using theatre, art, music and sport
7. Theatre for development: a dynamic tool for change
8. Hard cases: internal displacement in Turkey, Burma (Myanmar) and Algeria

1. Introduction
2. At the heart of the return process: solving property issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina
3. The rehabilitation of homes and return of minorities to Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
4. Resolving Kosovo's housing crisis: challenges for the UN Housing and Property Directorate
5. Unfinished business: the IDP land question
6. Bhutanese refugees: rights to nationality, return and property
7. Women’s rights to land, property and housing
8. Forced relocation in Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi: emerging policy
9. Resolving the issue of war displacement in Lebanon
10. People abroad and people at home in societies under strain
11. Arable land and internal displacement in Colombia

F.M.R. 8: August 2000
Accountability

1. Thinking outside the box: evaluation and humanitarian action
2. Promise and practice: participatory evaluation of humanitarian assistance
3. Research in conflict areas: ethics and accountability
4. Reflections on research among Liberian refugees
5. Capacity building, accountability and humanitarianism in Sri Lanka
6. Listening to the displaced: analysis, accountability and advocacy in action
7. Globalization and accountability: the corporate sector in involuntary displacement and resettlement
8. Internal displacement in India: causes, protection and dilemmas
9. Rethinking the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement: the case of the Kashmiri Pandits
10. IDPs: rights and status
11. Australia and asylum: no longer “land of the fair go”?
12. The hard press of asylum
13. Working with the media: notes for refugee advocates
14. A refugee at my door: training for police in Uganda
15. The next HCR must refocus on protection

F. M. R. 9: December 2000
Gender and displacement

Judy El-Bushra, of the British NGO ACORD, has worked closely with us as Guest Editor in preparing the feature section of this issue with its focus on Gender and Displacement. If you would like to respond to any of the points raised or add new ones, please email us at fmr@qeh.ox.ac.uk (no more than 700 words) by 1 March for possible publication in the Debate section of the following issue

We would like to express our thanks to UNICEF for their sponsorship of this issue of Forced Migration Review.

Feature section articles (on Gender and Displacement)

1. Gender and forced migration: editorial
2. Vindicating masculinity: empowerment in a refugee camp
3. Making young displaced men visible
4. Gender dimensions of displacement
5. Gender, persecution and the concept of politics in the asylum determination process
6. Gender guidelines for the UK
7. Ethnicity, gender and violence in Kenya
8. Rural farming systems, plant genetic resources and disasters

   General Articles:

9. A more proactive UN role in the security of NGO staff?
10. Children in adversity

1. Introduction
2. The Convention at 50: the way ahead for refugee protection
3. Global migration and asylum
4. After the Cold War: asylum and the refugee concept move on
5. Ireland: from Emerald Isle to island mentality
6. Integration or alienation?
7. Legal protection of refugees in South Asia
8. International and national responses to the plight of IDPs
9. UNHCR and the erosion of refugee protection
10. UNHCR and the ethics of repatriation
11. Return to Prijedor: politics and UNHCR
12. Rights and accountability
13. UNHCR and emergencies: a new role or back to basics? 
14. UNHCR and forgotten emergencies: can funds be found?
15. UNHCR in Guinea.

F. M. R. 11: October 2001
Return to peace:
post-conflict realities

1. Truth, justice and reconciliation in early post-conflict society
2. Reinventing communities: the resettlement of Guatemalan refugees
3. The UN Security Council addresses women’s role in peace
4. Redefining the roles of women in post-genocide Rwanda
5. Problems or partners? Working with women to rebuild the Balkans
6. Bosnia and Herzegovina: no future without reconciliation
7. Discontent with assistance to the Bosnian return process
8. Participatory planning in Cambodia: reconciling communities
9. The fragility of peace in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh
10. The UNHCR Peace Education Programme: skills for life

    General articles

11. Resettlement: a valuable tool in protecting refugee, internally displaced and trafficked women and girls
12. Protecting refugees in Dadaab: processes, problems and prospects
13. Conflict early warning in the Horn of Africa: can it work?
14. Mind your language: the semantics of asylum

F. M. R. 12: January 2002
Dilemmas of development-induced displacement
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